Topic 1: Introduction to Linguistics

• What is Language? (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language)
  Definition of language: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
• Definition of Linguistics (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics)
  Definition of Linguistics: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
• What is Linguistics? (http://linguistics.ucsc.edu/about/what-is-linguistics.html)
  Definition of linguistics: University of California Santa Cruz
• What is Linguistics? (http://linguistics.ucla.edu/undergraduate/what-is-linguistics/)
  What is Linguistics: UCLA Department of Linguistics
• What is linguistics? (http://grammar.about.com/od/grammarfaq/a/What-Is-Linguistics.htm)
  A crash course in the branches of linguistics (by Richard Nordquist)
• A Semiotic Theory of Language (https://publish.iupress.indiana.edu/read/a-semiotic-theory-of-language/section/af2f45b5-b08a-441b-9e80-bf6e3dce8117)
  A semiotic definition of language (Sebastian Shaumyan)
• All about Linguistics (https://sites.google.com/a/sheffield.ac.uk/all-about-linguistics/what-is-linguistics)

Topic 2: Nature of Language

• Nature of Language (http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=1750951)
  Theories on the Origin and Nature of Language
• Animal Language (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27819555_Animal_communicationanimal_minds_and_animal_language)
  A Bachelor's thesis on 'Animal communication, animal minds and animal language' (Sverker Johansson)
• Language Change (http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.524.7007&rep=rep1&type=pdf)
  The Changing Nature of Language (Kevin Walsh)
• Language Change (https://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Fall_2003/ling001/language_change.html)
• On Nature and Language (Noam Chomsky) (http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam033/2002071581.pdf)

Topic 3: Structural Grammar

• Evolution of Grammar (https://studylib.net/doc/7118608/the-evolution-of-english-grammar)
  The Evolution of English Grammar (Professor Glauner)
• Descriptive and Prescriptive Grammar
  (http://www.usingenglish.com/articles/prescriptive-descriptive-grammar.html)
  Descriptive and Prescriptive Grammar (Richard Flynn)
• Transformational Grammar (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformational_grammar)
  Wikipedia: Definition of Transformational Grammar
• Transformational-generative Grammar (https://www.encyclopedia.com/literature-and-arts/language-linguistics-and-literary-terms/language-and-linguistics/transformational-generative-grammar)
  Encyclopedia.com: Transformational-generative Grammar
• Generative Grammar (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_grammar)
  Definition of Generative Grammar
• Integrative L2 Grammar Teaching (http://iteslj.org/Articles/Sysoyev-Integrative.html)
  Integrative L2 Grammar Teaching: Exploration, Explanation and Expression

Topic 4: Functional Grammar

• Systemic Functional Grammar (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_functional_grammar)
  Definition of Systemic Functional Grammar
• Functional Grammar (http://home.hum.uva.nl/fg/)
• Metafunctions (https://www.sdu.dk/en/forskning/c_cmc/key-terms/metafunctions)
• Theme and Rheme: (https://www.eltconcourse.com/training/inservice/discourse/theme_rheme.html/)
• Theme-Rheme & Given-New: (http://courses.nus.edu.sg/course/ellibst/lsl15.html)
• Using Theme-Rheme Analysis for Improving Coherence and Cohesion in Target-Texts: A Methodological Approach (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042813017424)

Topic 5: Speech and Writing

• Differences between Speech and Writing (http://www.viviancook.uk/EnglishSpellingSystem/Speech&Writing.htm/Speech&Writing.htm)
  Differences between Speech and Writing (by Vivian Cook)
• Speech and Writing (https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:757560/FULLTEXT01.pdf)
  Chapter 2 of ¡§The Written Language Bias in Linguistics¡¨ (by Per Linell)
• Issues in the Study of Speech and Writing (http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=qjL6dMCejDwC&pg=PA127&lpg=PA127)
  Chapter 5 of ¡§ English in Speech and Writing: investigating language and literature (by Rebecca Hughes)
• Morphological productivity across speech and writing
  (https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/english-language-and-linguistics/article/morphological-productivity-across-speech-and-writing/8FCD637F5049BD9AA901FC3F4D3A7299) 
  A journal article in English Language and Linguistics (by Ingo Plag, Christiane Dalton-puffer, and Harald Baayen)
• Electronic Discourse: On Speech and Writing on the Internet
  (https://www.ludd.ltu.se/~jonsson/D-essay/ElectronicDiscourse.html)
  Speech and Writing on the Internet (by Ewa Jonsson)

Topic 6: Pragmatics

• Pragmatics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatics)
  Pragmatics on Wikipedia
• Grice's Cooperative Principle (http://www.lancaster.ac.uk/fass/projects/stylistics/topic12/14cp1.htm)
  Grice's Cooperative Principle
• Speech Acts (https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/speech-acts/v-1)
  Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry - Speech Acts (by Kent Bach)
• Pragmatics: Felicity conditions (http://www.ello.uos.de/field.php/Pragmatics/PragmaticsFelicityConditions)
• Pragmatics (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) (http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pragmatics/)
• What is Pragmatics? (https://www.thoughtco.com/pragmatics-language-1691654)

Pragmatics Gives Context to Language (by Richard Nordquist)

• Dell Hymes's SPEAKING Model (https://explearning.co/blog/l7pzrf3b/dell-hymes-speaking-model)
• Politeness maxims (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politeness_maxims)
• Politeness Principle (https://www.wenmi.com/article/pst72x02vbws.html)
  Politeness principle in Human Communication (by HAO Yu, CHI Ren)
• Positive and negative face (http://www.glottopedia.org/index.php/Positive_and_negative_face)

Topic 7: Discourse Analysis

• Discourse Analysis Online (http://extra.shu.ac.uk/daol/)
  Discourse Analysis Online: an online journal
• Discourse Analysis (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse_analysis)
• Discourse Analysis (https://www.thoughtco.com/discourse-analysis-or-da-1690462)
  Understanding the Use of Language Through Discourse Analysis (by Richard Nordquist)
• Discourse Analysis (http://onlineqda.hud.ac.uk/files/Hammersley_guide.pdf)
  Discourse Analysis: A bibliography guide.
• How to do a discourse analysis? (http://www.politicseastasia.com/studying/how-to-do-a-discourse-analysis/)
• Coherence and Cohesion (https://www.english.cam.ac.uk/elor/lo/cohesion/index.html)
  Definition of the terms Cohesion and Coherence
• Cohesion (https://www.eapfoundation.com/writing/cohesion/
  By EAP foundation

Topic 8: Conversation Analysis

• An Introduction to Conversation Analysis  (https://books.google.com.hk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=kpI6EAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq=An+Introduction+to+Conversation+Analysis)
  An influential book written by Prof. Antony Liddicoat
• Wikipedia: Conversation Analysis (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversation_analysis)
• Methodological Issues in Conversation Analysis (http://www.paultenhave.nl/mica.htm)
  By Paul ten Have, University of Amsterdam
• Conversation Analysis (http://grammar.about.com/od/c/g/conversationanalysisterm.htm)
• Jefferson Transcription System (https://www.universitytranscriptions.co.uk/jefferson-transcription-system-a-guide-to-the-symbols/)
  Jefferson Transcription System ¡V A guide to the symbols

Topic 9: World Englishes

• World Englishes (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Englishes)
  
  
• Differences between British English and American English
  (https://www.babbel.com/en/magazine/what-are-the-differences-between-american-and-british-english)
  A long list of different words and spellings between British English and American English
• A Language is a Dialect with an Army (https://thehistoricallinguistchannel.com/a-language-is-a-dialect-with-an-army-and-a-navy/)
  Analysing Max Weinreich's famous quote (BY LISA GOTTHARD)
• Journal of World Englishes (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1467-971X/issues)
  The leading journal in the field of World Englishes
• The Range and Depth of English-knowing Bilinguals in Singapore (by Anne Pakir)
• British English from A to Zed (by Norman Schur)
• American English: Dialects and Variation (by Walt Wolfram and Natalie Schilling)
• A Dictionary of Hong Kong English (by Patrick Cummings and Hans-Georg Wolf)
• Singapore English: Structure, Variation and Usage (by Jakob Leimgruber)
• Indian English (by Sailaja Pingali)

Topic 10: Computational Linguistics

• Computational Linguistics (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_linguistics)
  Definition of Computational Linguistics (Wikipedia)
• Computer-Assisted Language Learning (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-assisted_language_learning)
  Computer-Assisted Language Learning (Wikipedia)
• Computational Linguistics (https://www.techtarget.com/searchenterpriseai/definition/computational-linguistics-CL)
  Computational Linguistics (By Alexander S. Gillis and Corinne Berstein)