{"id":1318,"date":"2020-03-24T12:45:03","date_gmt":"2020-03-24T12:45:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/corpus.eduhk.hk\/english_pronunciation\/?page_id=1318"},"modified":"2020-03-31T08:33:51","modified_gmt":"2020-03-31T08:33:51","slug":"4-3-measuring-intonation","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/corpus.eduhk.hk\/english_pronunciation\/index.php\/4-3-measuring-intonation\/","title":{"rendered":"4.3. Measuring Intonation"},"content":{"rendered":"
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4.3.1. What is intonation?<\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

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Roach (2000, p.150)<\/td>\n\u2192 No definition is completely satisfactory<\/p>\n

\u2192 The pitch<\/u><\/span>\u00a0of the voice plays the most important part<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Kenworthy (1987, p.11)<\/td>\n\u2192 intonation = the melody<\/u><\/span>\u00a0of speech<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Teschner & Whitley (2004, p.64)<\/td>\n\u2192 Intonation is a series of pitches<\/u><\/span>\u00a0sung\u00a0over a whole utterance<\/u><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Celce-Murcia, Brinton & Goodwin (1996, p.184)<\/td>\n\u2192 If pitch = individual tones of speech<\/p>\n

then intonation = the entire melodic line<\/p>\n

\u2192 Intonation involves the rising and falling of the voice<\/u><\/span>\u00a0to various pitch levels during the\u00a0articulation of an utterance<\/u><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

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4.3.2. Cantonese vs English intonation<\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

\n
\n\t\n\n\n\n\n
Chinese<\/strong><\/p>\n

(including Cantonese, Putonghua & other regional languages in China)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

English<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
tone language<\/td>\nintonation language<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
The tone of each character contributes to lexical meanings<\/td>\nThe tones vary over a stretch of utterance, and contribute to accentual features, or convey attitudinal meanings.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Intonation is determined by many elements like pitch, energy, duration, tempo and sound quality. Pitch plays a more important role than the remaining elements. As English is an intonational language, the intonation expresses speakers' emotion and attitude. Native speakers use different intonations in different sentence types.<\/p>\n

In Praat, we mainly use\u00a0pitch contour<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0<\/strong>to indicate different tones, like falling and rising tones.<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Select the sound in object list<\/li>\n
  2. Click \"View & Edit\"<\/span><\/li>\n
  3. \"Pitch\" \u2192 tick \"show pitch\"<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>
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    4.3.3. Common types of intonation in English<\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

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    A. Fall<\/span> \u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Figure 4.14<\/em><\/strong>\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

    B. Rise<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Figure 4.15\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

    C. Fall-rise\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> \u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Figure 4.16<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

    D. Rise-fall\u00a0<\/span> \u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Figure 4. 17<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

    E. Level \u00a0<\/span> \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Figure 4.18<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

    (<\/span>Roach 2009, p.192\u00a0\u00a0 Audio Unit 15, Ex 1)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

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    4.3.4. Communicative functions of English intonation<\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

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    A. The accentual function<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 to indicate the\u00a0focus<\/span>\u00a0of the information<\/p>\n

    B. The attitudinal function<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 to indicate the\u00a0speaker\u2019s attitude<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
    The falling tone suggests:<\/td>\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0finality, completion<\/p>\n

    \u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0certainty,\u00a0belief in the content of the utterance<\/p>\n

    \u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0speaker-dominance<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    The rising tone suggests:<\/td>\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0more to follow<\/p>\n

    \u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0querying, uncertainty<\/p>\n

    \u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0encouraging<\/p>\n

    \u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0speaker-deference<\/p>\n

    \u2013\u00a0\u00a0the speaker does not know \u2192 asks<\/p>\n

    \u2013\u00a0\u00a0does not have authority \u2192 requests<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    The level tone suggests:<\/td>\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0routine<\/p>\n

    \u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0boredom, no interest<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    C. The grammatical function<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    a) Statements: falling tone<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Most native speakers of English can, for example, recognize people from France by their French accents. \u2198<\/p>\n

    Figure 4. 19<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

    b)Wh- Questions: \u00a0normally falling tone<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Why do people usually have an accent when they speak a second language? \u2198<\/p>\n

    Figure 4.20<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

    c) imperative sentence:<\/strong>falling tone<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Please sit down. \u2198<\/p>\n

    Figure 4.21<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

    d) Yes\/No Questions:<\/strong>\u00a0normally rising tone<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Does this mean that accents can\u2019t be changed?\u00a0\u2197<\/p>\n

    Figure 4.22<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

    e) Listing:<\/strong>\u00a0combination of rise & fall<\/strong><\/p>\n

    I\u00a0 like\u00a0 apple,<\/em>\u00a0\u2197<\/em>\u00a0cherry<\/em>\uff0c\u2197<\/em>\u00a0and banana.<\/em><\/p>\n

    Figure 4.23<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

    f) Tag questions: rising and falling tone<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Falling tone \u2192 the speaker is quite certain, only seeking confirmation \/ agreement<\/p>\n

    Rising tone \u2192 the speaker is unsure, a genuine request for more information<\/p>\n

    But old habits won\u2019t change without a lot of hard work,\u00a0<\/em>\u2198<\/em>\u00a0will they?\u00a0\u2198<\/em><\/p>\n

    Figure 4.24<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

    Another possibility:<\/strong><\/p>\n

    But old habits won\u2019t change without a lot of hard work,\u00a0\u2198\u00a0will they?\u00a0\u2197<\/em><\/p>\n

    Figure 4.25<\/em><\/strong>\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

    g) Closed-choice alternative questions: combination of rise & fall<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Will you manage to make progress,\u00a0<\/em>\u2197or will you just give up?<\/em>\u00a0\u2198<\/p>\n

    Figure 4. 26<\/em><\/strong>\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

    Figure 4. 27<\/em><\/strong>\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

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    \n

    Back to Chapter 4<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

    Back to Praat Manual<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

    Hits: 7141<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    4.3.1. What is intonation? Roach (2000, p.150) \u2192 No definition is completely satisfactory \u2192 The pitch\u00a0of the voice plays the most important part Kenworthy (1987, p.11) \u2192 intonation = the melody\u00a0of speech Teschner & Whitley (2004, p.64) \u2192 Intonation is<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/corpus.eduhk.hk\/english_pronunciation\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1318"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/corpus.eduhk.hk\/english_pronunciation\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/corpus.eduhk.hk\/english_pronunciation\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/corpus.eduhk.hk\/english_pronunciation\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/corpus.eduhk.hk\/english_pronunciation\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1318"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/corpus.eduhk.hk\/english_pronunciation\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1318\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1458,"href":"https:\/\/corpus.eduhk.hk\/english_pronunciation\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1318\/revisions\/1458"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/corpus.eduhk.hk\/english_pronunciation\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1318"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}